Understanding Zero Trust segmentation
Trust is hard to come by in the digital world. Cyber attackers use stolen credentials or endpoint vulnerabilities to gain network access. One access management mistake can lead to catastrophic consequences.
The Zero Trust approach solves this problem by trusting nobody. Security tools verify every user request, block unknown user identities and devices, and keep data safe.
Micro-segmentation is a core part of the Zero Trust toolkit. This article explains how segmentation works, why it matters, and how to use segmentation in Zero Trust solutions.
Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA)is a strategic cybersecurity approach based on the principle "never trust, always verify". Traditional access systems verify user credentials at the network edge. Zero Trust security goes further, using network segmentation to verify identities inside network boundaries.
What is Zero Trust segmentation?
Zero Trust segmentation is a strategy that involves dividing a network into smaller segments to meet Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) goals.
Segmentation creates internal "walls" within a network. Users can only pass through these walls with the correct access privileges.
Under ZTNA, segments hold sensitive data or applications. Containing vital assets shrinks the threat surface, making life harder for cyber attackers.
How Zero Trust segmentation works
Zero Trust network security systems generally use micro-segmentation to isolate resources.
Micro-segmentation uses software agents to divide networks into small, highly-regulated segments. These segments often contain workloads (apps, associated data, and virtual machines needed to run them).
Next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) govern access to network segments. These firewalls analyze application layer traffic, approving users with necessary permissions and blocking unknown requests.
NGFWs and software-defined micro-segmentation are vital components of Zero Trust architecture. They prove users are who they say they are and authorize access with extreme precision.
What is the role of segmentation in Zero Trust security?
Network segmentation is a critical component of Zero Trust security solutions. Zero Trust relies on identity verification and access control. Segmentation allows organizations to verify identities and devices before granting access to network assets.
Without segmentation, all users connected to the network would have free access to internal network resources. Attackers with stolen or brute-forced credentials could extract data or implant malware. Segmentation limits lateral movement, dramatically cutting data breach risks.
Software-defined micro-segmentation also extends naturally to cloud environments. Companies can secure hybrid clouds, on-premises assets, and remote work devices. Network admins can extend security controls consistently across all assets, cutting the risk of exposed endpoints.
The benefits of segmentation in ZTNA security
Zero Trust micro-segmentation has benefits network security and performance in three critical ways:
- Access control. ZTNA segmentation allows granular control of who accesses applications or business data. Network admins can apply the principle of least privilege, connecting users with workloads related to their roles and blocking access to other assets.
- Network visibility. Micro-segmentation helps security teams understand their network architecture. Admins can monitor traffic passing across internal network boundaries. Software agents deliver in-depth data about user activity, making it easier to spot potential threats.
- Regulatory compliance. Regulations like HIPAA or NIS2 demand tight protection for client data. ZTNA segmentation is a reliable way to lock down confidential data from malicious actors while allowing access to those who need it.
How should you implement Zero Trust Segmentation?
Network segmentation for Zero Trust requires planning, awareness, and careful implementation. The steps below outline a typical segmentation strategy.
1. Group applications into logical segments
According to the Zero Trust model, secure zones should contain the resources needed for employee workloads. For instance, sales teams need access to product and client databases but won't need access to financial data or DevOps environments.
Remember that more segments mean a higher workload and greater complexity. Admins must manage access policies for every network segment. Interoperability can also become a concern in hybrid or multi-cloud environments.
2. Source the right tools
ZTNA micro-segmentation requires the right tools to deliver granular access control. The critical technologies are software-defined networking (SDN) and network function visualization (NFV).
NFV virtualizes network security tools, while SDN centralizes security controls. SDN and NFV allow you to define segments at the application level and toggle access across the network.
Containerization environments such as Kubernetes clusters can serve as the infrastructure for network segmentation. However, users must secure data containers with access controls and authentication systems to limit lateral movement between network assets.
3. Establish permissions for network users
Permissions define whether users can access logical network segments. Define access policies for all network users that align with their roles and professional needs.
Permissions should align with logical micro-segmentation policies. However, human organizations and network architecture are far from identical. Some users may need greater access than other colleagues, and some may also need regular temporary privilege elevations.
A good rule when mapping privileges is to consult departmental managers. It's also important to audit privileges to avoid situations like permanent administrative powers.
4. Apply segmentation to non-human users
A Zero Trust strategy only works when micro-segmentation regulates non-human and human network users. Remember to apply authentication and authorization systems to API interactions or automation technology. ZTNA security controls trust nobody. Every access request requires verification.
How to achieve ZTNA segmentation
A Zero Trust micro-segmentation strategy gives you granular control over network security and helps protect critical data. However, segmentation alone is not enough. Comprehensive Zero Trust solutions cover every aspect of network security.
Securing your critical assets and preventing data breaches is key for your business. Deploy tools that allow users to apply micro-segmentation, connecting teams with relevant workloads and blocking unauthorized access.
Cloud firewalls play a central role in achieving Zero Trust goals. Additionally, consider implementing virtual private gateways with fixed IP addresses. These can be used to allowlist sensitive resources, ensuring only authorized users can access them. You can create separate gateways for different teams or manage access with a single virtual private gateway paired with Cloud Firewall access control lists. This setup allows for granular network access tailored to your business needs.